Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Compliance rules
1Definition and Basic Information
Mantle cell lymphoma belongs to the indolent lymphomas, despite its aggressive clinical course in most patients.
2Clinical Presentation
The clinical picture is characterized by lymph-node enlargements and splenomegaly. Bone-marrow infiltration occurs in approx. 80-90% of the cases, lymphoma cells are detected in the blood in 20-30% of all patients. Extranodal manifestations (e.g. involvement of the GI tract, meningeosis lymphomatosa) occur more frequently than in follicular lymphomas [1].
3Diagnostics
Diagnosis is based on the histological examination of a suspicious lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining for cyclinD1 overexpression and/or fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) for t(11;14) are mandatory in order to differentiate this lymphoma from other lymphoma subtypes. As the therapy of indolent lymphomas depends on the stage of disease thorough diagnostics are essential prior to onset of therapy (staging).
This includes (initial examination):
Medical case history, particularly of B symptoms
Physical examination
Complete blood cell count, including leukocyte count with differential cell counts, reticulocytes
ESR, electrophoresis, total protein
ALT, AST, AP, γ-GT, bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, blood sugar
LDH, β²-microglobulin
Quick’s test, PTT
Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulins, immune electrophoresis in case of suspected paraproteinemia
Surface markers based on FACS analysis (only in case of leukemic course)
Bone-marrow cytology, bone-marrow histology
CT of the neck/thorax/abdomen
(alternatively: sonography for follow-up purposes)
Positron emission tomography (PET) has no therapeutic consequences and is not recommended.
In order to identify patients with an increased risk for acute and/or late complications, tests of lung function, the heart (ECG, cardiac echo) and renal function are absolutely necessary prior to the onset of therapy.
4Staging
Staging is done by differentiating stages I to IV according to the Ann Arbor Classification, see Table 1. However, the stage will be advanced in most cases due to the frequent bone marrow involvement.
Lymphatic tissues include: lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring, appendix. Cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph-node enlargements as well as enlargements of liver or spleen each count as one area.
Stages are additionally denoted “A” in the absence, and “B” in the presence of
Fever of unknown origin > 38°C
Night sweats
Unintentional weight loss > 10% within a period of 6 months
5Risk Groups
A clinical risk score (MIPI: MCL International Prognostic Index) has been recently established [2]. It takes into account the general health status and the age of the patient, as well as LDH values and WBC counts. An Internet-based version has been made available for its calculation. [3]. The proliferation marker Ki67 also is of high prognostic relevance [4]. Approx. 10-15% of cases display an indolent course. As yet, these patients are not unequivocally identifiable at first presentation [5].
6Therapy
Patients with indolent lymphomas should be treated, whenever possible, in clinical trials. A therapy algorithm is shown in Figure 1.
6.1First-Line Therapy
6.1.1Patients ≤ 65 years
In younger patients (≤65 years) a dose-intensified concept (induction plus high-dose consolidation with autologous stem-cell transplantation, or HyperCVAD) is the standard therapy. It leads to a significant prolongation of progression-free and overall survival [6]. A cytarabine-containing regimen additionally increases progression-free survival [7].
6.1.2Patients > 65 years
Combination regimens for ‘elderly patients’ are R-CHOP, R–Bendamustine (cf. Appendix Systemic Therapy - Protocols), and R-FC especially in exclusively leukemic cases. However, the majority of patients will relapse within the first three years due to the aggressive course of the disease [8]. Maintenance therapy with rituximab after R-CHOP leads to a significant prolongation of remission duration and overall survival [9].
6.1.3Indolent Course
In individual cases a watch & wait strategy with continuous monitoring in short intervals may be pursued if an indolent clinical course is suspected. Treatment in these patients is initiated upon progression of the lymphoma [5].
6.2Relapse
Immunochemotherapy is the standard therapy in patients with late relapse (remission duration ≥ 6 months). Choice of the second line regime depends on the first line therapy.
In later relapses the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus is superior to mono-chemotherapy, see Appendix Systemic Therapy - Protocols [10].
Other promising agents are proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib) and immunomodulatory substances (thalidomide, lenalidomide). However, no randomized studies are available [11, 12].
6.3Consolidation / Maintenance
Unless autologous transplantation has already been performed in first line treatment, it should be discussed at the time of the first relapse.
In case of a relapse after high-dose therapy an allogenic transplantation with reduced conditioning may be discussed for younger patients [1].
Maintenance therapy with rituximab lead to a significant prolongation of progression-free survival in a small randomized study and can be applied individually.
Radioimmunotherapy may be an alternative option for consolidation.
7Monitoring and Follow-Up
During and immediately after therapy (therapy monitoring, recognition of complications and adverse effects)
Medical case history and physical examination
Complete blood cell count, including leukocyte count with differential cell counts
Functional liver and kidney parameters, if necessary, further laboratory diagnostics for therapy monitoring and diagnosis of complications
Therapy assessment (cytoreduction, adverse effects) after completion of one-half of the therapy cycles and after termination of cytostatic therapy, and in case of suspected progression or complication:
Medical case history and physical examination
Checkup on initial pathological findings, as required for decision-making
Exclusion of therapy complications (liver and kidney parameters; echocardiography in case of clinical symptoms, chest x-rays, if necessary, pulmonary function)
Follow-up examinations after termination of therapy in intervals of three months, after the third year in intervals of 6-12 months, as long-term follow-up (remission surveillance and/or diagnosis of relapse, detection of long-term toxicity):
Medical case history and physical examination
Complete blood cell count, including leukocyte count with differential cell counts
LDH, functional liver and kidney parameters
Checkup on initial pathological findings (imaging)
Extended diagnostics depending on initial findings and findings compiled in the course of the disease
Analysis of minimal residual disease (MRD) only within clinical trials.
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9References
Dreyling M, Hiddemann W. Current treatment standards and emerging strategies in mantle cell lymphoma. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009:542-551. http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2009/1/542.long
Hoster E, Dreyling M, Klapper W, et al. A new prognostic index (MIPI) for patients with advanced-stage mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 111:558-565, 2008. DOI:10.1182/blood-2007-06-095331
Determann O, Hoster E, Ott G, et al: Ki-67 predicts outcome in advanced stage mantle cell lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 immunochemo-therapy: results from randomized trials of the European MCL Network and the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 111:2385-2387, 2008. DOI:10.1182/blood-2007-10-117010
Martin P, Chadburn A, Christos P, et al: Outcome of deferred initial therapy in mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 27: 1209-1213, 2009. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.6121
Dreyling M, Lenz G, Hoster E, van Hoof A, et al. Early consolidation with myeloablative radiochemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in first remission significantly prolongs progression - free survival in mantle cell lymphoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of the European MCL Network. Blood 105: 2677-2684, 2005. DOI:10.1182/blood-2004-10-3883
Hermine O, Hoster E, Walewski J, et al. Alternating Courses of 3x CHOP and 3x DHAP Plus Rituximab Followed by a High Dose ARA-C Containing Myeloablative Regimen and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT) Is Superior to 6 Courses CHOP Plus Rituximab Followed by Myeloablative Radiochemotherapy and ASCT in Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Results of the MCL Younger Trial of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network (MCL net). Blood, Volume 116, Number 21, 19 November 2010, #110. http://abstracts.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/21/110
Hoster E, Unterhalt M, Wörmann B, et al. The addition of rituximab to first-line chemotherapy (R-CHOP) results in superior response rates, time to treatment failure and response duration in patients with advanced stage mantle cell lymphoma: long term results of a randomized GLSG trial. Blood 2008; 112: 11: Abstract 3049. http://abstracts.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/112/11/3049
Kluin-Nelemans JC, Hoster E, Walewski J, et al: R-CHOP Versus R-FC Followed by Maintenance with Rituximab Versus Interferon-Alfa: Outcome of the First Randomized Trial for Elderly Patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Blood 118, Number 21, 18 November 2011, Abstract 493, 2011. http://abstracts.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/118/21/439.
Hess G, Herbrecht R, Romaguera J, et al: Phase III Study to Evaluate Temsirolimus Compared With Investigator's Choice Therapy for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 10;27:3822-3829. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.7977
Goy A, Bernstein SH, Kahl BS, et al: Bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma: updated time-to-event analyses of the multicenter phase 2 Pinnacle study. Ann Oncol. 2009 Mar;20:520-525. DOI:10.1093/annonc/mdn656
Witzig TE, Vose JM, Zinzani PL, et al. An international phase II trial of single-agent lenalidomide for relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2011 Jul;22(7):1622-7. Epub 2011 Jan 12. PMID:21228334
10Active Studies
11Systemic Therapy – Protocols
12Study Results
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14[Kapitel nicht relevant]
15Links
Malignant Lymphoma Competence Network
www.kompetenznetz-leukaemie.de
Deutsche Leukämie – und Lymphom – Hilfe e. V.
www.leukaemie-hilfe.de
17Disclosures
according to the rules of the responsible Medical Societies.
17Disclosures
according to the rules of the German Association of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Medizinische Onkologie) and the recommendations of the AWMF (version dated April 23, 2010) and international recommendations.
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